Being A Tattoo Or Piercing Essay - 1955 Words

For college students anxious to rebel against their parents’ fashion sensibilities, getting a tattoo or piercing may be the modern-day equivalent of the 1960s-era fascination with long hair and love beads. As with the hippie look, body art has caught on with both genders. But the motivations fueling a trip to the tattoo and piercing parlor can vary dramatically between men and women, and between individuals. Youngsters may sport tribal tats or facial piercings because they’re thrill-seekers, says a University of Florida researcher. Others might want to work through a traumatic life experience or just find romantic partners. UF researchers co-authored a study published recently in the journal Personality and Individual Differences that examined gender differences and personality traits among college students who had at least one tattoo or non-traditional piercing, defined as located anywhere other than the earlobe. Popular piercing sites include the eyebrows, nose, lips, tongue, chin, nipples, navel and genitals. â€Å"Fifty years ago, generally Americans did not have tattoos or any alternative body modification,† said Eric Storch, a UF assistant professor of pediatrics and psychiatry and a study co-author. â€Å"Times have really quite quickly changed.† A 1999 study by researchers from Emory University and Howard University published in the Journal of Public Health Policy indicated that 15 percent to 20 percent of the U.S. teen and young adult population had tattoos, and that aShow MoreRelatedTattoos and Body Piercings791 Words   |  3 PagesTattoos and Body Piercings Throughout time body piercings and tattoos have become a very common trend in today’s society. Body art including both piercings and tattoos have been around for many years, it used to be a way of communicating through each other but it has now become more of a fashion trend especially among today’s youth. Not only do tattoos and piercings have their own type of fashion but they can also represent many things such as religious traits. Many people ignore the dangers thatRead MoreDeviance : Tattoos, Piercings, And Body Modifications1049 Words   |  5 Pages Deviance: Tattoos, Piercings, and Body Modifications Towan Cook Georgia Gwinnett College Deviant acts cannot be discussed without taking into account culture, perspective, and religion. Every culture is known for their types of expressions though tattooing, piercings, and body modification. Asian gangs such as the Yakuza are known for their full body tattoos, while African tribes can be associated with wearing rings that stretch their necks. Often, these types of tattooingRead MoreAcceptance of Tattoos and Body Piercing in a Modern Age1568 Words   |  7 PagesAcceptance of Tattoos and Body Piercing in a Modern Age Andrew Sullivan Axia College of University of Phoenix According to the most recent Harris Poll, which took place in 2003, about 15% of all Americans have at least one tattoo. That translates into about 40 million people. Tattoos are becoming much more popular based on comparing those statistics to the results of a 1936 Life magazine estimates of 10 million Americans had at least one tattoo. As for body piercing, no statistics are keptRead MoreTattoos And Piercings : Work Environments1417 Words   |  6 Pages Tattoos and Piercings in Work Environments â€Å"According to a 2010 Pew Research report, about 23% of adults born between 1981 and 1991 have piercings other than their earlobe† (Pfeifer, Web). Also, in 2012, 2 in 10 adults in the United States reported to have at least one tattoo. That number has increased to 3 in 10 adults just last year in 2015 (Shannon-Missal, Web). The prevalence of tattoos and piercings have increased dramatically over the past few decades, especially in teens and young adultsRead MoreTattoos and Body Piercings as and Art Form992 Words   |  4 PagesAshley Beth Logan Manuscript Speech D. Webb Speech 106 Tattoos and Body Piercings Good evening. I would like to start by asking how many of you have a tattoo or piercing other than your ears. Did you know that in most work environments, you are usually not even considered for employment if you’re tattoo or piercing is visible during the interview? I am one of the many people who believe tattoos and body piercings are a form of self exp ression. However, there are still that few out there whoRead MoreOral Piercings And Tattoos Have Become A Form Of Self Expression961 Words   |  4 Pages Oral piercings are any piercings of the tongue, lips, or cheek. In recent years, oral piercings and tattoos have become a form of self-expression. Oral piercings and tattoos may look cool, but they can be dangerous to your health. Many people are not aware of the potential side effects of oral piercings. Some of these include infection, prolonged bleeding, pain and swelling, chipped or cracked teeth, injury to the gums, interference with normal oral function, blood borne diseasesRead MoreFreedom of Self- Expression: Tattoos and Body Piercings at 16 Should be Permitted1232 Words   |  5 Pageschildren should have permission to get tattoos and body piercings. I believe that teens should have the authority to get them on our own. The current Texas law states that any person under the age of 18 must have parental permission before getting a tattoo or any body piercing. Identification is required to verify the persons age. I feel that by the age of 16, any student should have the authority to express themselves in a way such as tattoos and body piercings. There are various aspects throughRead MoreTattoos Piercings in the Workplace Essay878 Words   |  4 PagesTattoos amp; Piercings in the Workplace PHI221 Shelley Hipps College America Abstract This paper focuses on the subject of whether or not tattoos and piercings should be allowed in the workplace. There are a lot of resources arguing that they should not be allowed, but this research maintains the point that they should be more accepted in the workplace these days. This paper concludes by discussing how tattoos and piercings are much more of an artistic expression rather than a form of rebellionRead MoreThe History of Piercings and Tattoos1070 Words   |  5 PagesThe History of Tattoos and Body Piercing The largest organ in the human body is the skin. Some people choose to express themselves through decorating their skin with tattoos, piercing and other kinds of body art. Its true origin, symbolism, variety, and modern day versions go way back in time. The first tattoo known to man, was found on Otzi, the â€Å"Icemanâ€Å", in 1991. Otzi himself is from around 4,000 B.C. Fifty-eight tattoos were found on him, they were all made of lines and dots. No realRead More African American Interpersonal Communication Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesInterpersonal Communication through Body Art Tattoos make an individual’s self definition more complete by visually communicating gang membership, status, rank and personal accomplishment (Phelan 277). Tattooing and body piercing has been practiced in almost every culture around the world, and for thousands of years. (Greif, Hewitt 367) The African American culture use body art as a method of nonverbal interpersonal communication. The word tattoo became part of the English vocabulary in 1769

One Of The Mysteries That Have Always Troubled The Man

One of the mysteries that have always troubled the man and with which he frequently has to live is suffering and pain. It asks or we wonder about its meaning and the cause of this experience that wears us down and can even take away the peace and happiness. So in my research I want to use an excellent encyclical of John Paul II Salvifici Doloris who explains the purpose of suffering. Understanding the meaning of human pain and suffering is one of the most complex challenges of the Christian faith. Indeed, we can ask ourselves, If God is love, and almighty why does he allow pain in the world? Why does not He eliminate suffering, making all His creatures happy? Suffering is a theme that has accompanied man throughout history. Since the†¦show more content†¦John Paul II makes a very clear distinction of suffering, and one of the suffering more painful is when human beings commit sin and stain the soul, and we know that is truth because when you commit a sin against God, you can feel the suffering that sometimes we cannot find the words to explain, it’s like you lose something from your soul. This moral suffering, we can cure through the sacrament of reconciliation that is the medicine that Jesus Christ left us before he departed from world. Human suffering is a complex aspect of man s life that even medical science cannot easily answer, even when it is committed not only to prolonging human life, but above all, to avoiding suffering. In fact, John Paul II says:†Man suffers in different ways, ways not always considered by medicine, not even in its most advanced specializations. Suffering is something which is still wider than sickness, more complex and at the same time still more deeply rooted in humanity itself† . Pope Paul II here makes a reference to the suffering of body who is Biological and physical that is caused by illness, this corporal suffering make us to find any solution because the suffering makes us to lose our happiness, for that reason, we search for any solution be leave us a mark that our mind can never forget â€Å"This distinction is based upon the double dimension of the human being and indicates the bodily and spiritualShow MoreRelatedAlfred Hitchcock Comparison Paper1511 Words   |  7 PagesFor this paper, I have decided to compare two Hitchcock films. Ever since I can remember, I have seen Alfred Hitchcock films; Psycho, The Birds, North by Northwest, I enjoy his work because I like the suspense, and visual effects that he was able to accomplish. Out of all of his films, I believe that my favorite Hitchcock films would have to be Rear Window (1954) and Vertigo (1958), because I think that the two incorporate everything that is â€Å"Alfred Hitchcock†. Hitchcock films are known for beingRead More Comparing Description and Imagery in The Foghorn and The Signalman2681 Words   |  11 Pagesat two short narratives. One was written by Bradbury, in the mid twentieth century ,The Foghorn and the other was written by Dickens, The Signalman over one hundred years before. Both are based on supernatural themes and ideas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is obvious that Dickens tale was written in the mid nineteenth century because his style of writing   is very different to the more modern techniques writers employ today. In his story he tells us about objects which no longer   have a place in modern societyRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Young Goodman Brown895 Words   |  4 Pageshis journey into the forest, the narrator comes a across a mystery man. While on his trip the narrator comes to the realization that he does not truly know the people from the village. The overall moral that the author attempts to illustrate in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† through the use of symbols is that nobody truly is what they say they are. Sometimes in order to protect oneself or others, people have to keep secrets.â€Å"A lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts that she’s afeard of herselfRead MoreSherlock Holmes Literary Analysis1618 Words   |  7 Pagesdescription and complex vocabulary are infused into Doyle’s writing to accentuate Holmes’s great intelligence. By incorporating such a heavy, educated tone upon the mysteries, the tales of Sherlock Holmes are expressed as very complicated stories that challenge readers in comprehension as well as encourage curiosity through puzzling cases. One of the most important literary features of Doyle’s works is the use of dialogue and conversations held between characters, whether it be Holmes, Watson, a victimRead More Tupac Essay1045 Words   |  5 PagesHip-Hop industry, one of the first names that comes to mind is Tupac Shakur. Shakur was born in the Bronx on June 16, 1971. He was reared by his mother Afeni Shakur who was an active member of the Black Panthers. Tupacs family later relocated to Oakland, California, where he spent much of his time on the street. As a kid, he was always getting himself into trouble, and he was very lonely. He started writing songs to keep himself out of trouble. An article from VIBE magazine Troubled Times for TupacRead MoreTheme Of Spring Fever And Scott Pilgrim Vs The World1581 Words   |  7 Pagesfilms contain few similarities between the two. For one, each story revolves around a troubled romance. Scott, the protagonist in Scott Pilgrim vs. the World, must defeat Ramonaâ⠂¬â„¢s evil exes. Jiang, the main character in Spring Fever, deals with a â€Å"Jules et’ Jim† relationship; a love triangle and a love affair. Secondly, the ordinary locations of Nanjing and Toronto where the story is being told is transformed into greater experience of mystery and wonder for the viewer. Lastly, the use of symbologyRead MoreA Reflection On The Buddha1471 Words   |  6 Pageswept. The Buddha said ‘Enough Ananda. Do not allow yourself to be troubled. Do not weep. Have I not already told you that it is in the very nature of things that they must pass away? We must be separated from all that is near and dear to us.’ The Buddha continued again: ‘I am not the first Buddha to come upon earth: nor shall I be the last. In due time, another Buddha will arise in this world, a Holy one, a Supremely Enlightened One, endowed with wisdom, in conduct auspicious, knowing the universeRead MoreEssay on The Signalman by Charles Dickens3739 Words   |  15 Pageswas used several times and was repeated by several characters. Coincidence? Charles Dickens invites you to decide. This dissertation from www.coursework.info For the duration of this half term we have studied numerous short stories from the book Telling Tales. Throughout this period, we have developed our skills of assessing characters (characterisation), identifying language style and structure plus various others, and I will try to use my newly developed skills to answer our assigned Read MoreThe Shining By Stephen King1500 Words   |  6 Pagesa horror/thriller narrative filled with many mysteries of its own. Initially, The Shining portrays itself as an average â€Å"The house is haunted but no one believes me† story. However, as the plot progresses we learn that there is much more that goes into the big picture. At its core, the narrative is about isolation, psychological problems, alcoholism, and the suspense of an impending doom. Jack, played by Jack Nicholson, is an average middle-class man who takes on an opportunity to become an off-seasonRead MoreEssay Edgar Allen Poe1513 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst poems in 1831. Poe next took up residence in Baltimore, with his widowed aunt, Maria Clemm, and her daughter, Virginia. He turned to fiction as a way to support himself. The Philadelphia Saturday Corrier published five of Poe’s stories. In 1883, one of his pieces won a fifty-dollar prize given by the Baltimore Sunday advisor (Regan 2,3). In 1836, Poe married his cousin Virginia Clemm, who was not yet 14 years old. Because of her young age and her relationship to Poe, this made him the subject

Travel and Tourism Trends and Factors Free Essays

A trend Is something that is reoccurring more and more often until It becomes a popular thing to do. The first trend I am going to explore Is the greater flexiblllty of booking products. This has become possible due to alterations in the traditional chain of distribution. We will write a custom essay sample on Travel and Tourism Trends and Factors or any similar topic only for you Order Now This relates to the trend of using the Internet to book holidays as It Is a lot through this In which people can book their products. The reason for this that the services such as the principals have their own websites. his makes It simpler and easier for the ustomers to reach them directly and book their holidays this way. 1 In November 201 2, Thomas COOK which has 1. 300 travel agent shops, was forced to turn to its banks for increased loans as it looked like it might not struggle to survive. The impact this has had Is the fact that there isn’t near as much demand for in branch travel agencies as everything is done virtually through the principals. However in doing this it has caused a reduction in cost for the travel agencies as they too have moved online. 3Wlth approximately 50 per cent of passengers travelling from the uK on budget irlines and almost 40 per cent of holidaymakers booking ‘DIY’ holidays, both offering added flexibility to a trip, ensuring the transportation of luggage Is as cost-effective as the rest of the holiday is becoming more difficult. This also has an impact on the tourist travel information centres as the principals generally only offer a basic service and therefore the tourist Information offered by some companies wouldn’t be included in their service. So the tourist travel Information centres would have to supply more leaflets and guides for the tourists so they can know about the local attractions and where to visit as a tourist. Another thing it has an impact on is the need for accommodation, as it is possible to contact the hotels directly they may need to advance and expand their hotels to meet the demand for more customers Instead of Just the customers who book through travel agencies and tour operators as part of packages. Principals do sell their products directly to their customers however the traditional chain of distribution Is still existent but it is not at the forefront of the travel and tourism industry as it has been In the past. It Is estimated that over 95% of holidays are now booked online, owever it is only a small percentage of these that are booked as separate principals. In 2012, Thomas Cook Group made 25% of Its sales through Its own web channels. OFS witn weD sales In Nortnern Europe at K package Duslness at 3 distribution is a key area of focus for the Group going forward and will be developed as part of an Omni-channel distribution strategy. The next trend I am going to explore is Adventure Holidays. 4The passport travel to adventure document (2009) state that the adventure travel market is worth E180m a year to the travel and tourism industry. This is an area of the Travel and Tourism ndustry that is rapidly growing due to the increase of people who want to experience thrill and ad venturous and stimulating experiences in their spare time. The term Adventure can be used to talk about a wide range of holidays; it can vary from something as simple as a cruise along the river Nile to trekking in the Himalayas, visiting the plains of Africa or Scuba diving in foreign waters. There are certain countries that market their selves as adventure holiday destinations; an example of one of these countries is New Zealand. New Zealand offers a wide range of adventure ctivities such as Canyoning, Bungee Jumping, Hot Air Ballooning, Under Sea Canyoning and White Water Rafting. The graph here shows the different locations and types of activities of adventure holidays. Some of these destinations are very remote and therefore the impact these adventure holidays would have is an increase in accommodation needed to cater for the increasing number of people. In doing this there would be an increase of Jobs and also an expansion of facilities available in these areas. In the increase it would also invite new businesses to move into the area as there is a good opportunity to xpand their businesses to there. However as the businesses do expand to these locations there is the risk of Americanisation and the natural and remote locations could lose the natural beauty that many people come specifically to see. The reason that these holidays and this destination are becoming more popular is because people now have the opportunity and the communication available to them to book these things and try new experiences, also it widens the genre of holiday to a further audience and can cater for these people who would prefer an adventure holiday in comparison to a family or relaxing holiday. The YouGov survey (2009) 6shows a predicted 70% increase in participation in adventure travel over the next 3 years. Based on our survey responses, compared to the previous three years. I ne tnlra ana Tlnal trend I am going to explore Is new aestlnatlons. wnat I mean Dy this is the new and exciting far away destinations that are now offered to customers due to the advance in aerospace technology. From the I-JK there are hundreds of destinations you can fly to. When commercial flights first began nobody would have been able to fly to the Caribbean or to South America. However now thousands of eople visit every year. As the appetite for the long haul destinations has increased, in general the ticket prices have fallen which makes them available for many more customers who may have been out of the price range when they first became available. Demands for destinations fluctuate all the times in response to a variety of factors. ABTA’s Travel Trends report suggest that, for a destination to become â€Å"hot† and attract more visitors, it must score highly on the following six points which are safety, accessibility, infrastructure, affordability, weather and the X factor. Erik Wolf, president of the International Culinary Tourism Association, said awareness of the importance of this sector has been increasing across the world for several years. He revealed that there are â€Å"always new destinations that catch the eye of culinary travellers† and described Singapore, Peru and South Australia as â€Å"particularly hot right now†. The impact of new destinations is the fact that there will be more people visiting these far out countries that will help them to develop and expand which will positively help their economy Destinations that ABTA says has all of these are Dubai, Germany, Morocco, Canada and South Africa. Spain is a top foreign destination for EIJ residents in 2012. There has been 1% less business travellers in 2013 than in 2012. There are 6% more visitors to Spain in 2013 than in 2012. In 2005 there were 29. 971 million visitors in the UK but increased in 2012 to 31. 084 million visitors. A hot favourite to become a new popular destination in 2014 and the upcoming years is brazil. Due to the upcoming world cup and Olympic games Factors A factor is something that affects something whether it be positively or negatively, just like everything else there are factors that affect the travel and tourism industry. The first factor I am going to explore is that of Natural Disasters. Natural disasters, such as volcanic eruptions, Tsunamis, floods and hurricanes, can cause havoc to a countrys travel and tourism sector. The Asian tsunami that affected Indian Ocean countries in late 2004 and Hurricane Katrina’s devastation of New Orleans in 2005 are examples that are all too familiar. The eruption of the Iceland volcano and subsequent ash cloud over Europe is another case in point. Although tourism can be badly affected very quickly when such disasters occur, the sector has proved itself to e very resilient in the face of adversity. Tourism in areas affected by natural disasters usually returns to its former state, on the back of investment in new hotels, infrastructure and other tourist facilities. The tsunami in Japan in 2011 had a lot of negative effects on the Japanese travel and tourism industry. Japanese Travel Tourism GDP fell 4% during 2011, with domestic spending down 2. 9% and visitor exports down 27% – in line with a 28% decline in international tourist arrivals. This in turn had a knock-on effect on capital investment in Japan’s Travel ; Tourism sector, hich fell by an estimated 6. 2%, despite major reconstruction efforts later in the year. The next factor I am going to explore is that of Terrorism. Due to terrorism security throughout the whole of the travel and tourism sector has increased drastically. Britain is one of the safest countries in the world for tourists to visit and explore, but recent terrorist events around the world, and the London bombing of 717 2005 in particular, have made safety and security a key issue for tourism sector in the I-JK. Following 9/1 1 , extra security measures were introduced at airports across the world, hile the London bombing led to heightened security at railway stations across the country. Although such measures can cause extra delays, most travellers are willing to sacrifice a little time in return for a safer Journey. One of the worst recorded terrorist attacks was 9/1 1 which the occurrence that happened when two planes were hijacked and flown into the world trade centre. After the 9/1 1 attacks in 2001, New York City lost $323. 7 million in tourism revenue as visitors avoided the city in fear of another attack. And though tourism to New York City today is higher than t’s ever been, it took several years to rebound. The third and final factor I am going to explore is Cost of Travel. Travel costs are always cnanglng In response to aemana. wnen aemana Is low companles cut prlces to stimulate demand, but when demand is high prices tend to remain high. The cost of travel has actually been falling relative to other costs in recent years. Competition among holiday companies, the growth of low-cost airlines and development of budget hotels have all helped keep prices down. The world recession of recent years has resulted in fewer overseas visitors coming to Britain. How to cite Travel and Tourism Trends and Factors, Papers

Brand Management Coca Cola Drinkers and House Cola Drinkers

Question: Understand relevant marketing concepts and explain the concepts through application to the specific marketing problem;? Analyze and evaluate information in a marketing context;? Using appropriate information sources, analyze information gathered to provide depth and breadth to recommendation; and? Demonstrate effective written communication skills and use of correct referencing method. ? Answer: Introduction: A brand community is a business strategy that is crucial for the improvement of the business. The brand is required to exercise its presence in the market through implementation of effective marketing strategies. In this regard the brand plan also plays an important role in recognition. The brand symbol is in the form of a picture or text or specific sign of the company that will represent the particular brand and help the customers to identify them easily. The brand symbol helps every organization to build brand image and develop distinct brand communities for the customers as well as the potential customers (Altaf Khan, 2011). The case study provided is based on the brand management of the different companies. The role of brands and the importance of the brand community is the basic building block of the case study. Brand community is community derived from the attachment to a particular product. Several researches on marketing strategies and consumer behavior have proved that there is s strong connection between the brands, individual identity and culture. Organizations are alarmingly making improvements in the brand community to develop the connection between the target customers and the brand or the product. Analysis of the case study: The markets for many companies have become customer oriented and that the customers have developed consumptive identity. The consumptive identity was something which was discovered by the marketing analysts which states that it is new form of sociality that focuses on brand communities (Wiegandt, 2009). The article has highlighted the issues of defining the brand communities. The definitions are derived from the post modern concepts that deal in the formation of identity. There were contradictions in describing the brand communities (Sohn Korzenny, 2005). According to O Reilly and Maffesoli, brand communities depend upon the consumer tribes and the neo-tribes. The concept of neotribe is described in this article as the characteristics of a group of consumer that changes with the change in the event or product type or brand type. The example that is mentioned in this article is different type of movie fans. One set of fans may be inclined towards Star Wars and the other group of fans may be towards Star Trek. The article helps to relate the brands with the totems in consumer tribes which states that the ignoring brands would means overlooking a critical part of the tribal culture. In the case of Coca-Cola, it is rather difficult for the marketing managers to distinguish between the brand followers and the brand communities. The brand followers are the brand enthusiasts according to the author who may not necessarily be a part of the brand community. Thus, the problem of building a brand community is important for Coco-Cola (Bjerke Polegato, 2006). In this case, building brand communities are crucial for the company but what is more important is the enhancement in the brand among the target customers. This building of brands is interconnected to building brand communities (Investors et al., 2015). Coke has been facing issues related to obesity and infrastructural issues which can be dealt partially with the help of blogs, commentaries, tweets and the role of the media. These are the traditional marketing strategies. In this regard the problem can be solved using the building of virtual brand communities through the social media marketing (Medium, 2014). But th e online marketing is just a tool in building blocks where the CEOs demand for a Web 2.0 strategy (Bowen Ozuem, n.d.). Harley Davidson engaged in community based brand development which promoted the brotherhood rider who possess shared ethos (Das, 2014). The strategic repositioning was taken up by the company which depicted close-to-the-customers strategy where the employees spend time with the customers in the field and conveyed the insights to the company. It was recommended that the company must reform the organizational design and the structure which will enable the marketing managers to understand the costs and benefits of the brand communities. The company initiated 77-person stand alone organization that enhanced infrastructure and cultivated relationships augmenting brand. There are brand communities that are resistant to mainstream as in the case of Apple (Borja de Mozota, 2003). The company promoted media stories for brand building which forms the basis of the symbolic convergence theory by Ernest Bormann, John Cragan and Donald Shields where the customers perception about brands are guided by the stories that are intended for them to believe (Trendafilov, 2015). There are certain columnists that promote the negative side of Apple which affects the brand. The characteristics of the brand community of Apple include individualism, independence and a strong loyalty to the Apple brand (Heracleous, 2013). The company has a Macintosh Users group (MUG) which is crucial for the success of the brand communities. The marketing manager can also incorporate the Brandfest strategy which implies high quality interaction within the dissimilar brand communities (Buss Strauss, 2009). The article also states that Muniz and OGuinn (2001) argue that the brand community is characterized by rituals and traditions. This is unique feature within companies can be promoted using the community engagement through documenting, staking etc. One of the greatest example of brand communities success is the Manchester United which has emerged not only as sport team but has gained international brand recognition through Manchester United Television, club merchandize and soccer schools etc. Lessons learned from this paper: This article firstly throws light on the fact that brand communities are different from other types of communities that exist in the society. It is argued that communities are secondary rather than being primary. It can be said that brand as a symbol comes before the brand community. We learn that brand communities consist if a unique type of characteristics that differentiates them from other types of communities. Advancement in mass production had made it easy for the streamlining of consumer goods into the western countries. This article helps us to know that whether intentionally or not, the producers had extended their functions to the consumers well beyond their knowledge. The societies that had emerged recently were centered around brand communities. This case study reveals that many groups of consumers made the utmost use of brand communities and used it as the base of social interactions. This article provides examples of Harley Davidson Motorcycles, the MG car company, magazines, Nutella, Liverpool Football Club, theme parks, etc to demonstrate the rich experiences that brand communities offer which are simultaneously powerful and provide a complex culture for the members. The article also draws the attention of the readers by saying that brand communities function more often in a symbolic way. As authors previously have failed to understand, how brand communities are represented only in a symbolic way, they have never been properly classified. The article highlights the similarity brand communities share the findings of the anthropologist, Anthony Cohen, who was of the opinion that collectives that are formed on a shared basis usually serves the society. In the same way, another anthropologist of high repute named Emile Durkheim stated that clans too use totems as a form to represent themselves collectively and also as a basis of their unity (Elliott, Percy Pervan, 2011). The article brings to our attention that the concepts of brand communities have been drawn recent concepts of post modernism. These concepts emphasize largely on the forms of identity. In this article, we find that authors have tried to differentiate brand communities from consumer tribes that are also called neo-tribes by some (Gunelius, 2009). Brand communities have different origins, and their purpose too is different from consumer tribes. The article clearly points out that the difference between neo-tribe and brand community is best understood as the contrast between a social grouping (akin to a tribe) and a cultural grouping (akin to a subculture). The brand community thus is said to possess the stability that is not dependent on any social group. According to the article, we can come to the conclusion that brand communities are formed by members who are united by their loyalty towards one particular brand and consumer tribes are formed by those members that take part in specific interactions that are solely based on groups like forum or club meets. The case study also throws light upon the fact that it is important to differentiate between a general brand consumer and members of the brand community. For example, just because a person may enjoy a bottle of coke would he be considered a member of the Coca-Cola brand community? It is the sense of belonging to a community that makes brand community membership different from other followers of brands. In brand communities, the sole important element is the brand. If the brand ceases to exist, the brand collective community would also dissolve (Harvard Business Review, 2009). This article summarizes that the common process associated with brand communities are social networking, managing of the impression, engaging the community and use of a brand. Brand communities are also perceived to be multi-vocal in meaning by this article that is they attach meanings to other brands as well for example Apple vs. Microsoft, Ferrari vs. Porsche, etc (Meierer, 2011). Conclusion The basic idea of the article was to examine the role an impact of brands and brand communities. It can be said that the brand communities are beneficial for the bottom lines of the companies as it helps to lower the operating cost, enhancing the brand value thereby increasing the sales of the company. The different strategies that the companies can implement to promote the brand communities are discussed in this paper with the help of the branding communities of Harley Davidson, Coca-Cola and Apple. Thus, the branding communities must be constructed within the companies using right strategies and business models. References Altaf Khan, M. (2011).Brand management. New Delhi: Enkay Pub. House. Bjerke, R., Polegato, R. (2006). Differences in Value Orientations of Coca Cola Drinkers and House Cola Drinkers: A Cross-National Investigation.Journal Of Euromarketing,15(4), 7-33. doi:10.1300/j037v15n04_02 Borja de Mozota, B. (2003).Design management. New York, NY: Allworth Press. Bowen, G., Ozuem, W.Computer-mediated marketing strategies. Buss, A., Strauss, N. (2009).Online communities handbook. Berkeley, Calif.: New Riders. Das, K. (2014). 'Harley Davidson' Success Speaks- Brand Image and Culture: An HR Perspective.BIJIEMS,4(2), 48-56. doi:10.9756/bijiems.4808 Elliott, R., Percy, L., Pervan, S. (2011).Strategic brand management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gunelius, S. (2009).Building brand value the Playboy way. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Harvard Business Review,. (2009).Getting Brand Communities Right. Retrieved 20 August 2015, from https://hbr.org/2009/04/getting-brand-communities-right Heracleous, L. (2013). Quantum Strategy at Apple Inc.Organizational Dynamics,42(2), 92-99. doi:10.1016/j.orgdyn.2013.03.002 Investors, Company, Page, Brands, Videos, Sustainability, et al. (2015).10 Things Every Brand Can Learn From Coke.The Coca-Cola Company. Retrieved 20 August 2015, from https://www.coca-colacompany.com/coca-cola-unbottled/10-things-every-brand-can-learn-from-coke#TCCC Medium,. 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